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جميع الحقوق محفوظة ـ اإلعتداء عىل حق املؤلف 56 بالنسخ أو الطباعة يعرض فاعله للمسائلة القانونيةprograms change too.). For this reason, periodic backup and rotation are essential. And stored in an offsite location. The offsite location for storing data must be temperature- and humidity-controlled and guarded against physical intrusion. it must be geographically remote enough from the site of the organization's main operations that it would not be affected by the same natural disaster. Eighth: the role of IT Governance:  Corporate Governance: These are the structures and processes for the direction and control of companies. It is concerned with the relationships among management, board of directors, controlling shareholders, stakeholders and minority shareholders. IT Governance: Represents a subset of corporate governance that focuses on the management and assessment of strategic IT resources with the objective of reducing risks. There are 2 approaches for managing IT in an environmentCentralized data processing Distributed Data Processing (DDP)Under this model, all data processing is performed by one or more large computers housed at a central site that serves users throughout the organization Involves reorganizing the central IT function into small IT units that are placed under the control of end users Parties involved: 1. Data Base administrator: DBA is responsible for several critical tasks related to the data base security as: Creating database schema and user views, Assigning database access authority to users 2. Data processing department: Transfers transactions from hard copy source documents into computer input processing and storing of electronic files produced 3. System Development group: Is responsible for analyzing user needs and for designing new systems that satisfy those needs. Participants include: system professionals