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جميع الحقوق محفوظة ـ اإلعتداء عىل حق املؤلف 7 بالنسخ أو الطباعة يعرض فاعله للمسائلة القانونية3. The definition of audit evidences: Audit evidence: is any information obtained by the auditor to determine whether the information being audited is stated in accordance with established criteria or not, and whether to support the assertion claimed or contradict it. Evidence takes many different forms, including: - Electronic and documentary data about transactions - Written and electronic communication with outsiders- Observations by the auditor - Oral testimony of the auditee (client) Why audit evidence needed: To do an audit, there must be information in a verifiable form and some standards (criteria) by which the auditor can evaluate the information against to form an objective opinion. 4. The field of external audit: Are the management assertions related to the entity`s financial statements:  Income statement  Balance sheet  Retained earnings statement  Owners' equity statement  Footnotes (related disclosure) 5. The assertion measurement (established criteria): It is a measurement of credibility for management assertions, so it is an applicable financial reporting framework, which included in Egypt the following: 1- Egyptian Accounting standards (EAS) 2- International financial reporting standards (IFRS) 3- Generally Accepted Accounting principles (GAAP) 4- Related laws and regulations (as tax law). Auditors routinely perform audits Whether of quantifiable information, including companies’ financial statements and individuals’ federal income tax returns or of more subjective information, such as the effectiveness of computer systems and the efficiency of manufacturing operations.