Page 61 - Demo

%u062c%u0645%u064a%u0639 %u0627%u0644%u062d%u0642%u0648%u0642 %u0645%u062d%u0641%u0648%u0638%u0629 %u0640 %u0627%u0625%u0644%u0639%u062a%u062f%u0627%u0621 %u0639%u0649%u0644 %u062d%u0642 %u0627%u0645%u0644%u0624%u0644%u0641 61 %u0628%u0627%u0644%u0646%u0633%u062e %u0623%u0648 %u0627%u0644%u0637%u0628%u0627%u0639%u0629 %u064a%u0639%u0631%u0636 %u0641%u0627%u0639%u0644%u0647 %u0644%u0644%u0645%u0633%u0627%u0626%u0644%u0629 %u0627%u0644%u0642%u0627%u0646%u0648%u0646%u064a%u0629%uf0b7 Preserving the company's intangible assetsCompanies with unique technological know-how or confidential information specific to their industry or services prefer direct investment over licensing to protect these intangible assets from being transferred to others. For example, companies like Pepsi, Coca-Cola, and Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC) invest directly to protect their confidential information about their products. Companies like Google also prefer foreign direct investments to ensure the confidentiality of their algorithms and technology.%uf0b7 Vertical IntegrationCompanies may prefer foreign direct investment over exporting and licensing in countries that can offer the benefits of forward or backward vertical integration in the value chain.- Backward vertical integration: A company invests in pre-production stages, such as purchasing or establishing suppliers of raw materials or ingredients. The goal is to secure input, reduce costs, ensure quality, and reduce dependence on suppliers.Example: Heinz (Heinz USA) '%u25cf`%u02dc^In addition to manufacturing ketchup in Egypt, Heinz has invested in contract farming with Egyptian local farmers to produce tomatoes.- Forward vertical integration: a company's investment in the next stages of production, such as distribution or direct-to-consumer sales, to get closer to consumers, increasing profits, and control distribution channels.Example: IKEA (Sweden) _u'Opened large stores in Saudi Arabia and the UAE instead of relying solely on local agents.Amazon (USA) J%u25c6u%u00b4,Entered the UAE market by acquiring Souq.com and establishing its own logistics warehouses (forward integration).%uf0b7 Product Life CycleWhen companies' products reach maturity in the parent company's market, and costs become a significant component, international companies seek to expand internationally through direct investment to increase the production and distribution of their products and reduce costs.