Page 76 - Demo

%u062c%u0645%u064a%u0639 %u0627%u0644%u062d%u0642%u0648%u0642 %u0645%u062d%u0641%u0648%u0638%u0629 %u0640 %u0627%u0625%u0644%u0639%u062a%u062f%u0627%u0621 %u0639%u0649%u0644 %u062d%u0642 %u0627%u0645%u0644%u0624%u0644%u0641 %u0628%u0627%u0644%u0646%u0633%u062e %u0623%u0648 %u0627%u0644%u0637%u0628%u0627%u0639%u0629 %u064a%u0639%u0631%u0636 %u0641%u0627%u0639%u0644%u0647 %u0644%u0644%u0645%u0633%u0627%u0626%u0644%u0629 %u0627%u0644%u0642%u0627%u0646%u0648%u0646%u064a%u062976- 76 -requires seaports to focus on transport links, on the demand for services in its traditional hinterland and also on development in areas outside their immediate market. A good example, according to van Klink, (2000, p. 132), is the introduction of a block train service between Rotterdam and Barcelona, which makes it possible for time-critical products from Asia, destined for North-West Europe, to be transshipped in Barcelona and transported over the final leg of the transport chain by rail instead of doubling the Iberian Peninsula.Rail operators obviously benefit from distant dry ports because it increases the scale of their business. This is particularly important for rail transport depending on economies of scale and can make continental services, for instance between the inland conurbation and the seaport city, viable although ports are reluctant to bring in ILUs not relating to ship- ping. At least, the fixed costs of the intermodal terminal itself can be distributed between more transshipments when adding the dry port flows. Road transport operators are not benefiting from this configuration directly since the aim is to move transport of containers from road to rail, but they are still involved in the intermodal transport chains. As they are not particularly paid for waiting in congestion or at crowded gates at the port, they can serve the dry port surroundings with shorter hauls with better total revenues.From the shippers%u2018 perspective, a well implemented distant dry port offers a greater range of logistics services in the dry port area. For environmentally conscious shippers it brings a possibility of using rail instead of road and thus decrease the environmental im- pact of their products. The seaport city benefits from decreased road traffic saturating the streets and decreasing the quality of life for the citizens. Less traffic might also leave valuable area around the city center for other purposes than traffic.One example of a distant dry port is Isaka Dry Port in Tanzania, which used to be a conventional intermodal terminal (Tanzania Railways Corporation, 2004):Isaka Dry Port is an inland container terminal, which acquired the Dry Port status in 1999. The con- version of Isaka into a Dry Port means that all the customs documentation may be done at Isaka in- stead of Dar es Salaam Port. Importers can now accomplish all the necessary documentation and take delivery of their cargo at