Page 7 - Demo

%u062c%u0645%u064a%u0639 %u0627%u0644%u062d%u0642%u0648%u0642 %u0645%u062d%u0641%u0648%u0638%u0629 %u0640 %u0627%u0625%u0644%u0639%u062a%u062f%u0627%u0621 %u0639%u0649%u0644 %u062d%u0642 %u0627%u0645%u0644%u0624%u0644%u0641 %u0628%u0627%u0644%u0646%u0633%u062e %u0623%u0648 %u0627%u0644%u0637%u0628%u0627%u0639%u0629 %u064a%u0639%u0631%u0636 %u0641%u0627%u0639%u0644%u0647 %u0644%u0644%u0645%u0633%u0627%u0626%u0644%u0629 %u0627%u0644%u0642%u0627%u0646%u0648%u0646%u064a%u06297Critical Thinking in Western CivilizationThe tradition of critical thinking spread in MedievalEurope after the rise of the Muslim empire by transferring the ancient Greek heritage to Europe via Andalusia. Critical thinking influenced the writings of some intellectuals as Thomas Aquinas.In the Renaissance (fifteenth and sixteenth centuries), critical thinking became the only way that scientists in Europe address issues of thought in religion, art, social issues, nature of human beings, laws, and freedom.Scholars, important thinkers, and inventors such as Arasmus and Leonardo de Vinci decided to revive the wisdom of the ancients in order to get out of the darkness of ignorance and to break free from the tyranny of the Church (Colt) In England, FrancisBacon (1561-1626):expressed his concern about how the human mind mightbe used in the search for knowledge.In his book\he offered his view on the importance of the empirical study of the Universe.In doing so, Bacon laid the foundations of modern science by focusing on information-gathering processes.He also drew attention to the fact that, if most people left the mechanismof knowledge search, they would acquire bad habits of thought.The rationality of Ren%u00e9 Descartes (1596-1650): One of the most important attempts of mental changing in the Western philosophy period.Descartes has devoted most of his work to natural sciences andmathematics.His main concern was the certainty of philosophical knowledge, so he was the first to put a book about how to reach certainty in knowledge.Descartes declared that \represents a direct self-evident truth