Page 308 - Demo

%u062c%u0645%u064a%u0639 %u0627%u0644%u062d%u0642%u0648%u0642 %u0645%u062d%u0641%u0648%u0638%u0629 %u0640 %u0627%u0625%u0644%u0639%u062a%u062f%u0627%u0621 %u0639%u0649%u0644 %u062d%u0642 %u0627%u0645%u0644%u0624%u0644%u0641 %u0628%u0627%u0644%u0646%u0633%u062e %u0623%u0648 %u0627%u0644%u0637%u0628%u0627%u0639%u0629 %u064a%u0639%u0631%u0636 %u0641%u0627%u0639%u0644%u0647 %u0644%u0644%u0645%u0633%u0627%u0626%u0644%u0629 %u0627%u0644%u0642%u0627%u0646%u0648%u0646%u064a%u062978- 78 -Figure 3: A seaport with a mid-range dry port.Here shipper 2, 3 and 9 are served directly by the dry port while shippers 7 and 8 are served by a closer conventional intermodal terminal. The mid-range dry port here serves as a consolidation point for different rail services, implying that administration and technical equipment specific for sea transport, for example x-ray scanners needed for security and customs inspections, are just needed in one terminal. The high frequency achieved by consolidating flows together with the relatively short distance facilitates loading of containers for one container vessel in dedicated trains. Hence the dry port can serve as a buffer relieving the seaport%u2018s stacking areas. If this is a severe constraint, shippers with comparable distance to the seaport and the dry port (e.g., shipper 9) can then be directed to the dry port if it is made cost neural to them. In other dimensions, the benefits are similar to those of a distant dry port.The Virginia Inland Port (VIP) is an example of a mid-range dry port that moves the interface between lorry and rail for the transport of containers to and from the Port of Virginia, mainly their terminals in Hampton Roads. The VIP is located at Front Royal some330 km from Hampton Roads and serves as a %u2015US customs designated port of entry%u2016 where the full range of customs services is available to shippers. It has been consciously developed in order to increase the hinterland of the Port of Virginia (Bray, 1996) serving the Ohio valley in competition with Port of Baltimore (Woodbridge, 2004/b). The VIP has attracted investments of some 100 MUSD in distributions centers for Home Depot and Sysco securing import container flows for the seaport (Woodbridge, 2004/c).An example also served by barge is the Edouard Herriot Port in Lyon some 300 km inland from the Port of Marseille. The ports are connected by both rail and barge shuttles, of which the barge service is considered the more important. The Lyon terminal hosts an office operated by Port of Marseille and a wide range of serviceslike customs clearance and forwarding are provided qualifying it to be an Advanced Port as defined above (Port of Marseilles, 2004).