Page 323 - Demo

%u062c%u0645%u064a%u0639 %u0627%u0644%u062d%u0642%u0648%u0642 %u0645%u062d%u0641%u0648%u0638%u0629 %u0640 %u0627%u0625%u0644%u0639%u062a%u062f%u0627%u0621 %u0639%u0649%u0644 %u062d%u0642 %u0627%u0645%u0644%u0624%u0644%u0641 %u0628%u0627%u0644%u0646%u0633%u062e %u0623%u0648 %u0627%u0644%u0637%u0628%u0627%u0639%u0629 %u064a%u0639%u0631%u0636 %u0641%u0627%u0639%u0644%u0647 %u0644%u0644%u0645%u0633%u0627%u0626%u0644%u0629 %u0627%u0644%u0642%u0627%u0646%u0648%u0646%u064a%u062993- 92 -The second dimension: the horizontal development of ports Technological changes in the field of transport industry, both sea and land, and cargo handling systems require some kind of advanced capabilities with investment intensity that are supposed to be available at the appropriate times. Reception of modern ships, and consequently the inability of the ports to achieve the required balance between the volume of movement and the available facilities.Accordingly, great importance must be given to providing the necessary investments at the required time and planning them to ensure that alternatives are taken into account and the scientific method is followed in order to reach a good scheme to achieve the goals. When evaluating the planned investments for port development in general and through horizontal development in particular, there are several criteria to fulfill this purpose, and this plurality comes as a result of the multiplicity of foundations upon which these criteria are based.(1) The basis of evaluation may be the relationship between cost and return, within the framework of financial and economic evaluation, calculated in the light of the following:A- The direct cost of investing in the portThe costs are the value of the project's basic resources, which are land, labor, and construction materials, and the economic cost of each of these resources is the opportunity cost, which expresses the highest value of the benefits sacrificed by using these resources for this project instead of using them for another project.b- Return on fees and proceeds of handling work and all port services fees. With a discount on the expected revenues from it during the life of the existing construction of the project and the interest rate calculated on the total direct cost.(2) The basis of the assessment may be taking into account the social cost and the social return, given that the port itself is an addition to social capital, and most countries of the world recognize that port planning and development is part of national planning and within the general framework that includes national