Page 21 - Demo

%u062c%u0645%u064a%u0639 %u0627%u0644%u062d%u0642%u0648%u0642 %u0645%u062d%u0641%u0648%u0638%u0629 %u0640 %u0627%u0625%u0644%u0639%u062a%u062f%u0627%u0621 %u0639%u0649%u0644 %u062d%u0642 %u0627%u0645%u0644%u0624%u0644%u0641 %u0628%u0627%u0644%u0646%u0633%u062e %u0623%u0648 %u0627%u0644%u0637%u0628%u0627%u0639%u0629 %u064a%u0639%u0631%u0636 %u0641%u0627%u0639%u0644%u0647 %u0644%u0644%u0645%u0633%u0627%u0626%u0644%u0629 %u0627%u0644%u0642%u0627%u0646%u0648%u0646%u064a%u062921Although the mean is the single most useful quantity for describing a data set, it is not always the best way of measuring the center of the data. A major problem with the mean is its sensitivity to extreme (outlier) values. Even a small number of extreme values can corrupt the mean. For example, the mean salary at a company may be substantially pushed up by that of a few highly paid managers. To offset the effect caused by a small number of extreme values, we can instead use the trimmed mean, which is the mean obtained after chopping off values at the high and low extremes. For example, we can sort the values observed for salary and remove the top and bottom 2% before computing the mean. b) The median: which is the middle value in a set of ordered data values. It is the value that separates the higher half of a data set from the lower half. In probability and statistics, the median generally applies to numeric data; however, we may extend theconcept to ordinal data.Suppose that a given data set of N values for an attribute X is sorted in increasing order. If N is odd, then the median is the middle value of the ordered set. If N is even, then the median is not unique; it is the two middlemost values and any value in between. If X is a numeric attribute in this case, by convention, the median is taken as the average of the two middlemost values. a better measure for skewed (asymmetric) data. n/2%u2212( freq)lmedian = L1 +( )widthfreqmedianc) The mode: is the value that occurs most frequently in the set. Therefore, it can be determined for qualitative and quantitative attributes. It is possible for the greatest frequency to correspond to several different values, which results in more than one mode. Data sets with one, two,or three modes are respectively called unimodal, bimodal, and trimodal. In general, a data set with two or more modes is multimodal. At the other extreme, if each data value occurs only once, then there is no mode. Example of centeral tendency measures: take this list of numbers: 10, 10, 20, 40, 70.