Page 29 - Demo

%u062c%u0645%u064a%u0639 %u0627%u0644%u062d%u0642%u0648%u0642 %u0645%u062d%u0641%u0648%u0638%u0629 %u0640 %u0627%u0625%u0644%u0639%u062a%u062f%u0627%u0621 %u0639%u0649%u0644 %u062d%u0642 %u0627%u0645%u0644%u0624%u0644%u0641 %u0628%u0627%u0644%u0646%u0633%u062e %u0623%u0648 %u0627%u0644%u0637%u0628%u0627%u0639%u0629 %u064a%u0639%u0631%u0636 %u0641%u0627%u0639%u0644%u0647 %u0644%u0644%u0645%u0633%u0627%u0626%u0644%u0629 %u0627%u0644%u0642%u0627%u0646%u0648%u0646%u064a%u062929Pseudo certainty effect - the tendency to make risk-aversechoices if the expected outcome is positive, but make riskseeking choices to avoid negative outcomes.Reactance - the urge to do the opposite of what someonewants you to do out of a need to resist a perceived attempt toconstrain your freedom of choice.Restraint bias - the tendency to overestimate one's ability toshow restraint in the face of temptation.Selective perception - the tendency for expectations to affect perception.Semmelweis reflex - the tendency to reject new evidence that contradicts a paradigm.Social comparison bias - the tendency, when making hiring decisions, to favor potential candidates who don't compete with one's own particular strengths.Status quo bias - the tendency to like things to stay relatively the same (see also loss aversion, endowment effect and system justification).Unit bias - the tendency to want to finish a given unit of a task or an item. Strong effects on the consumption of food in particular.Wishful thinking - the formation of beliefs and the making of decisions according to what is pleasing to imagine instead of by appeal to evidence or rationality.Zero-risk bias - preference for reducing a small risk to zero over a greater reduction in a larger risk.Biases in probability and beliefMany of these biases are often studied for how they affect business and economic decisions and how they affect experimental research.Ambiguity effect - the tendency to avoid options for which missing information makes the probability seem \Anchoring effect %u2013 the tendency to rely too heavily, or \,\ on a past reference or on one trait or piece of information when making decisions (also called \adjustment\