Page 20 - Demo

%u062c%u0645%u064a%u0639 %u0627%u0644%u062d%u0642%u0648%u0642 %u0645%u062d%u0641%u0648%u0638%u0629 %u0640 %u0627%u0625%u0644%u0639%u062a%u062f%u0627%u0621 %u0639%u0649%u0644 %u062d%u0642 %u0627%u0645%u0644%u0624%u0644%u0641 %u0628%u0627%u0644%u0646%u0633%u062e %u0623%u0648 %u0627%u0644%u0637%u0628%u0627%u0639%u0629 %u064a%u0639%u0631%u0636 %u0641%u0627%u0639%u0644%u0647 %u0644%u0644%u0645%u0633%u0627%u0626%u0644%u0629 %u0627%u0644%u0642%u0627%u0646%u0648%u0646%u064a%u062920in England, where the legislative authority is responsible for issuing laws for the formation of the authority that manages ports. Self-ports are financed through public subscription to provide long-term funds, and medium and short-term loans are used to finance current operations.The spread of self-management among many of the world%u2018s ports is due to the following advantages:A- The ability to bear the financial burdens necessary for the maintenance of the port and the renewal of its equipment.B - Freedom from political considerations that accompany public projects and utilities.C - Freedom from the regulations and rules imposed on the use of public funds.D- The responsibility of management is assumed by a group of members representing the bodies that are often affected by the efficiency of work. Therefore, participation in directing and controlling work gives great weight to the integration of technical skills necessary to achieve coordination between the varying activity and its selfmanagement.E- Benefiting from the skills and experiences offered by a group of individuals working in different fields. It is worth noting that the administrative form that combines the advantages of collective management achieved by the Autonomous Administration with the local care on which the regional administration is based, which operates under central government supervision and is subject to its directives, is the best of these administrative forms appropriate to the nature of the services performed in the port department, because this form achieves the advantages next :A - Freedom from government rules and rigid control methods.b- Providing a high degree of flexibility in the port%u2018s operational and financial operations.C - Providing possibilities for expansion and facing the increasing demands.(4) Railways Ports They are those ports owned by railway authorities or companies, and managed on the basis of coordination between the various activities of ships, ports and railway works, which leads to economic savings and reduced port costs. The appropriate coordination between the railways and the port in the field of providing the quality of railway cars with the quality of the various goods transported in them and the equipment used in the loading and unloading operations, which leads to a decrease in