Page 21 - Demo

%u062c%u0645%u064a%u0639 %u0627%u0644%u062d%u0642%u0648%u0642 %u0645%u062d%u0641%u0648%u0638%u0629 %u0640 %u0627%u0625%u0644%u0639%u062a%u062f%u0627%u0621 %u0639%u0649%u0644 %u062d%u0642 %u0627%u0645%u0644%u0624%u0644%u0641 %u0628%u0627%u0644%u0646%u0633%u062e %u0623%u0648 %u0627%u0644%u0637%u0628%u0627%u0639%u0629 %u064a%u0639%u0631%u0636 %u0641%u0627%u0639%u0644%u0647 %u0644%u0644%u0645%u0633%u0627%u0626%u0644%u0629 %u0627%u0644%u0642%u0627%u0646%u0648%u0646%u064a%u062921the costs borne by the railway authorities or companies in the management and operation of their ports, and thus the lower costs that It is borne by the port's users in return for the services provided by these ports. An example of this type of port is the port of Baltimore in the United States of America, where the federal government, the local government, and the Ohabu Railroad Company jointly manage this port. Also, Tanzania's ports The Railways Authority, Ports Authority, Postal and Transport Authority and the Aviation Authority participate in managing the ports through a council for each port headed by a Director General, and the legislative authority in each of the two countries issues the laws regulating this.(5) Customs Ports Are those ports whose management and operation burden falls on the customs authority, and this type has been followed in many parts of the world and achieved high efficiency, but with the great commercial growth in these ports, the biggest concern has become to collect the largest return from fees and revenues regardless of the extent of development and improvement of the service Which led to an increase in costs and consequently the loss of some shipping lines that used to frequent these ports. Some developing countries still prefer the continuation of this system in managing their ports. In this case, the country that wants to do so must follow the United Nations recommendation to establish a semi-independent body under the customs administration with all the highest authorities in the country. Examples of these ports are the ports of the Dominican Republic, which for several years have operated efficiently without the formation of a port authority to manage them.(6) Private Ports They are those ports that are established to serve the needs of a private industrial project or a group of local industries, and are managed on a commercial basis. Accordingly, the port is an integral part of this industry or industries, and therefore bears the realized losses and reaps the realized profits, and then the port itself chooses its employees at different levels of management. This does not mean that the state does not interfere in the policy of port services, but rather sets the rules and instructions that these ports must follow in line with the public interest, and it also intervenes in the pricing policy of the services they provide in order to be in line with their targeted policies. However, this type of port should not be subjected to political considerations. There is no doubt that the establishment of these ports through private investments results in alleviating the financial burden on the state, which contributes to reallocating